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On June 4 1998, Commissioner Karel Van Miert signed an agreement between the EU and the US on the application of positive comity principles in the enforcement of their competition laws. The Positive Comity Agreement provides that where a party is adversely affected by anti-competitive behaviour in the other's territory, it may request that other party to take appropriate action. The Agreement also provides that the parties may agree that the party requesting enforcement will defer or suspend its enforcement proceedings over the anti-competitive practice while it is investigated by the other party.

The Court of Appeal has delivered a judgment of potentially major significance for auditors of group companies. The case arose from claims brought by the liquidators of three BCCI companies against their former auditors, Price Waterhouse and Ernst & Whinney. The Court held that the auditors of the holding company and of one operating subsidiary could owe a duty of care to another operating subsidiary of which they were not the appointed auditors.

Together with the Federal Stock Exchange Act, of which the second part entered into force in January 1998, Article 161bis of the Swiss Criminal Code has been amended. Under this provision, any person who substantially influences the price of stock traded on the Swiss stock exchange with the intention of enriching him or herself or a third party, will be punished by imprisonment or a fine.

Can the resolution of future sovereign debt crises be eased by changes in the legal documents that evidence these obligations? In the first of a series of three articles, Lee C Buchheit of Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton, New York considers the sharing clause

Mortgage banks were an important part of the Hungarian banking system until World War II. After a long break during the socialist era, mortgage banks have now been reintroduced in Hungary through Law No. XXX of 1997, which took effect on June 7 1997.

On January 1 1998, new regulations of the National Securities Depository of KDPW (Krajowy Depozyt Papierow Wartosciowych) entered into force. These new regulations became necessary due to the new Public Trading and Securities Act, published on October 3 1997 and which entered into force at the beginning of the year (see International Financial Law Review, May 1998 page 58). The regulations of the National Securities Depository describe the basic conditions of the deposit and clearing procedures in the field of public securities trading.

A newly proposed Accounting Act is scheduled to be adopted by the Norwegian parliament before the summer break and to go into effect on January 1 1999. This will involve major changes to the financial year, dividend distribution and how assets are reported in mergers.

English law distinguishes between fixed and floating charges. The essential distinction is that, unlike the holder of a fixed charge, on an insolvency the floating charge-holder ranks behind preferential creditors (consisting principally of the claims of the government for unpaid taxes and of employees for unpaid salary). For this and other reasons, the creditor of an insolvent company will usually try to establish a fixed charge over the relevant assets of the insolvent company.

Article 1, paragraph 1 of Legislative Decree No. 239 of April 1 1996, containing provisions aimed at amending the financial treatment of interest and other capital gains deriving from securities and similar bonds, as amended by Article 12, paragraph 3 of Legislative Decree No. 461 of November 11 1997, will enter into force on July 1 1998. It provides that the 12.5% withholding tax under Article 26, paragraph 1 of the Decree of the President of the Republic No. 600 of September 29 1973 will not be applied to interest and other capital gains deriving from securities and similar bonds issued in Italy by certain entities to the extent that:

In April 1998 the government submitted a bill to parliament regarding a reform of the Finnish Companies Act to enable the conversion to the euro in private and public limited companies during the transition period between January 1 1999 and December 31 2001 and set the rules governing the move to no par value (NPV) shares in limited companies.