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Swiss banking secrecy is based on the bank's duty of confidentiality towards the customer, the customer's privacy rights, and the Federal Banking Code, which makes any breach of banking secrecy a criminal offence. These legal bases are as undisputed as the fact that banking secrecy is by no means absolute.

Argentine Law 24597 (the Registration Law), published in the Official Gazette on November 22 1995, established that all securities issued by Argentine private sector issuers should be converted to non-endorsable registered form and that no bearer securities should be issued by Argentine private issuers thereafter.

On April 16 the Czech government announced a package of measures to cut growing budget and trade deficits, stimulate the sluggish economy, dampen demand for imports and add confidence to the Czech capital markets. The package consists of monetary and fiscal measures, policies on privatization and capital markets and the protection of the domestic market, and measures aimed at tackling white collar crime.

The stamp duty on loans from Finnish banks and their branches abroad, now charged at 1.5%, would, under a plan initiated by the second minister of finance, be abolished. It has been claimed that stamp duties on loans, which in Europe are charged only in Finland and Denmark, discriminate against Finnish banks when compared with foreign banks active in Finland (other than Finnish branches of foreign banks, loans from which are also subject to 1.5% stamp duty).

The government of Dubai recently issued Regulation No. 2 of 1997, setting forth guidelines to be used by branches of foreign banks in calculating income tax due to the government of Dubai from taxable income arising from the conduct of business in the Emirate of Dubai.

The Supreme Court has been working with the Singapore Academy of Law to promote the resolution of disputes by way of mediation. Cases considered suitable for mediation have been identified by the Supreme Court and, with the parties' consent, referred to the Commercial Mediation Service of the Singapore Academy of Law. The promotion of the use of mediation is another extension of the judiciary's efforts to encourage litigants to settle their disputes amicably.

Anglo-Dutch multinational Unilever is selling its four chemicals businesses to ICI, the UK's largest chemicals company, for £4.9 billion (US$7.9 billion). The companies to be sold are National Starch, which makes industrial adhesives and starches, Quest, a manufacturer of food flavours and fragrances, Unichema, which turns natural fats into chemicals and Crosfield, which specializes in detergent ingredients.

Dr Leopold Pfaffel, head of the legal department at Bank Austria, talks to Graham Field

Boutique financial services firm MW Cornish & Co will join Arnheim & Co, big six accountant Price Waterhouse's UK law firm, on July 1. Senior partner Martin Cornish becomes head of the Price Waterhouse European legal financial services practice. MW Cornish claims a range of expertise in banking, corporate and corporate finance work, but Arnheim & Co emphasizes the firm's expertise in fund management work. David Newton, Price Waterhouse partner responsible for investment management, says: "The addition of legal expertise is an important step in the development of our Investment Management business. Our ambition is simple: to be recognized as the leading professional advisers to the funds management industry worldwide."

Coudert Brothers in Moscow has added six lawyers, including one poached from French firm Gide Loyrette Nouel. Hugues de Pommereau was at Gide in Moscow for 2 years. He will work on direct investment into Russia by French clients. Bruce Bean, managing partner of the office, says: "Around 10% of our business is for French-speaking companies, and although we have lawyers fluent in French here, Hugues is the first Frenchman." Also joining the firm as associates are: Christian Moore, James Christiansen, Pavel Bakoulev, Igor Marmalidi and Jennifer Brenner. The appointments bring the total number of lawyers in the office to 16. "Business is up tremendously since last November," says Bean. "Last year the Russian equity markets left the Dow in the dust, and this year they are doing it again. Investors have got over their shyness." Bean expects to expand to 30 lawyers by the end of the year.