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Allen & Overy, Clifford Chance and Linklaters have become the first foreign firms to win approval to open second offices in China. Although all three firms had already acquired second offices through European mergers, none of them had licences in their own names. In line with China's World Trade Organization (WTO) commitments, the Ministry of Justice had promised to relax its geographic restrictions on law firm offices. Before signing up to the WTO, China issued licences to foreign firms on a quota basis, good for five years in most cases. Even with a licence, firms could open only one office, forcing most into a decision between Shanghai and Beijing. Others, including Deacons and Stephenson Harwood & Lo, opened in Guangzhou, just across the border from Hong Kong, in Guangdong province.

Robin Griffith and Michail Papadakis of Clifford Chance consider Europe's recent compromise on German state aid and its effect on the credit risk of special institutions

A Delaware court has rejected claims of vote buying in the shareholder vote for Hewlett-Packard’s merger with Compaq. Meredith Brown and Gary Kubek of Debevoise & Plimpton, New York, examine the decision

Payment-in-kind notes have been popular in the US for some time. Now bankers in Europe are keen to add these instruments to their deals. Clifford Atkins and Philippa Dodd of Shearman & Sterling show how

Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer's FRESH Capital Securities deal enabled Fortis to raise tax deductible debt that would be treated by the regulators as equity. Donald Guiney explains how the deal worked

Various mergers, particularly in the media and food retailing markets, have caught the public eye over the past few years and drawn attention to various weak points in Austria's cartel and competition laws. The Austrian Parliament has responded by passing amendments to both the Cartel Act and the Competition Act and these will take effect on July 1 2002. According to the legislator, the new regulations are expected to enhance the attractiveness of Austria to both national and international investors.

Since the implementation of Council Directive 92/50/EEC of June 18 1992 relating to the coordination of procedures for the award of public service contracts (the Directive), the public procurement rules also apply to financial services with the exception of central bank and financial services that relate to the issuance, sale, purchase or transfer of securities and other financial instruments.

Intellectual property in literary, dramatic or musical works in India is protected under the Copyright Act, 1957. With the development of the entertainment industry and competition between entertainment channels for a larger share of the Indian market, copyright issues have assumed greater significance in the entertainment industry. Although, no copyright exists for ideas, concepts or themes that are sufficiently developed so they could be realized as a television programme, are capable of being the subject of confidential information. Protection available to such ideas or concepts under the Copyright Act may vary depending on whether or not the concept as developed and evolved is the result of the work done by the person who conceived the original idea by applying some novel thoughts which distinguishes it from simple ideas.

In January 2002 the Mexican Federal Congress passed legislation making substantial changes to the country's tax structure and introducing new rules for foreign or non-Mexican residents. This new legislation removes the many different withholding rates applicable to non-residents that in the past had led to tax avoidance, by reconsidering the nature of the income in question. The new legislation introduces a sole 25% withholding rate for most types of taxable income on a gross basis and reduces to 35% the tax imposed on non-residents that elect to be taxed on a net income basis. For 2003, 2004 and 2005, this rate will be reduced to 34%, 33% and 32% respectively. Although significant amendments were introduced by this new legislation, this article will only cover two of the most widely applied rules, the sale or disposition of shares and interest.

Linklaters and Clifford Chance act on first UK hospital refinancing