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The third public offering of this Mexican real estate investment trust has been widely reported as a transactional breakthrough with the potential to help the REIT asset class attract new investors from around the world

The first Iraq Stock Exchange listing since 2003 is expected to transform the frontier exchange

Conservative attitudes and inadequate staffing of credit rating agencies is crippling the recovery of European securitisation, in-house counsel have said.

Alexander Vogel, Wolfgang Muller and Debora Durrer-Kern of Meyerlustenberger Lachenal explore the restructuring options available to Swiss companies in times of difficulty

Some innovative reforms have created new possibilities – and flexibility – for Italian companies in distress. Chiomenti Studio Legale’s Carmelo Raimondo and Marco Pagani disucss the new rules for pre-insolvency creditor arrangements

All the chapters from IFLR's latest Restructuring & Insolvency guide are available to view in e-book format

Reg AB II and clashes over CEO certification were highlights from ASF 2013

Here’s how to build effective compliance programmes and codes of conduct under the FCPA Guide and UK Bribery Act Guidance

Banji Adenusi As debt securities issued by governments, government agencies, and corporations, bonds are an external source of funding for the expansion of an issuer's business (as in the case of corporate bonds), or for the development of infrastructure projects. In recent times, the primary market for corporate bonds in Nigeria has witnessed tremendous growth, as the number of corporate bonds listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange has risen to a respectable 18 as of January 2013. While the issuance of government bonds and corporate bonds is regulated by the Nigerian Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the incidence of covered bonds is altogether a different proposition, as applicable legislation in this regard is non-existent. The United States Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation describes covered bonds as "general, non-deposit obligation bonds of the issuing bank secured by a pledge of loans that remain on the bank's balance sheet". Essentially, the defining feature of covered bonds is the duality of protection offered to investors, namely: (a) liability of issuer (typically a financial institution) for repayment; and (b) the special pool of collateral, also known as cover pool, on which investors have a preferential claim in the event of the issuer's insolvency. Typically, these collaterals are by way of high-grade mortgages or loans to the public sector or shipping loans. When contrasted with asset-backed securities (ABS), the cover pool becomes credit enhancement leverage, as they are more dynamic in the sense that assets can be added or replaced in the pool over time, especially where the value of these assets diminish or an early repayment has occurred. In addition, the credit risk stays with the issuer, as the borrower continues to absorb the risk of default and prepayment risk of the pool; much unlike ABS where the issuer does not absorb the risk of default beyond the agreed credit support and risk of prepayment is usually transferred to the investor. Herein lies the major difference between covered bonds and securitisation in general.

Jaime de la Torre Viscasillas Law 9/2012 on the restructuring and resolution of credit entities was approved on November 14 2012. The law was approved based on Royal Decree-Law 24/2012, on the restructuring and resolution of credit entities, which implemented commitments of the Spanish government assumed in its Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) agreed with the international authorities on July 20 2011. The MOU established, among others, that real estate-related assets of banks that require state aid must be transferred to an asset management company. For this purpose, in December 2012, an asset management company named Sociedad de Gestión de Activos Procedentes de la Reestructuración Bancaria (AMC or Sareb) was incorporated. The AMC, through the Fund for Orderly Bank Restructuring (FROB), had a public participation lower than 50%. The purpose of this company is the tenancy, management, acquisition and transfer of so-called troubled assets. It is also authorised to issue obligations or other debt instruments (with no limits on the amounts).