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Tomasz Konopka Borys D Sawicki Part 1 on this topic covered the penalisation of corruption in the Polish legal system in the historical context, and presented key regulations applicable to corruption at the public level. In this issue, we will focus on regulations pertaining to corruption at the private level. The general aim of the latter regulations is to protect proper and fair economic circulation, in which fair rules of economic exchange are applied and observed and where commercial decisions are made taking into account the economic interests of the relevant party. In turn, the individual aim is different for each regulation. In the case of provisions penalising the so-called corruption of managers, the aim is to protect the entity against decisions or actions, which may bring about damage to that entity. Provisions penalising corruption of creditors, highlighted further herein, aim at protecting creditors and maintain fairness and timeliness when processing claims.

The rules on financial instruments admitted to a central depository in dematerialised form are laid down in different pieces of legislation, including articles 83-bis onwards of the Financial Consolidated Act and the Bank of Italy/CONSOB regulation of February 22 2008 (the 2008 Regulation).

Personnel leasing, which allows for the hire of employees from another employer or temporary employment agency, has become established in Slovakia. A temporary employment agency enters into an employment contract with an employee, and with an employer seeking temporary workers; it then sends the requested type of worker to the temporary employer. The agency handles payroll and any legal issues concerning the temporary employee (dismissal, for example). The temporary employers save money on payroll administration, severance pay when production is down, and they are also saved the hassle of the hiring process. Of course, the temporary employer must guarantee non-discrimination, and the working conditions (including wages) must be at least as good as with a comparable permanent employee working for the temporary employer. Such is personnel leasing.

The challenge for Asia’s capital markets is ensuring they retain their competitive edge. Here, industry specialists reveal how the region should tackle its next phase of development

Neil MacBride,

IFLR gives lawyers at Europe’s top investment banks and financial advisory firms a platform for candid debate on the issues that matter most to them

Benjamin Carale,

Julian Ries, Gide Loyrette Nouel Javier Morera, Broseta The Middle East has been the busiest region for firm news this month with a number of firms hiring new lawyers, opening new offices or both. UK firm BIRD & BIRD launched its Dubai offering in November after relocating corporate partner Anders Nilsson from its Stockholm branch to lead the office. The new base is the UK outfits' second in the region. Its first in Abu Dhabi, which was founded in 2011, acts as a hub for the firm's work across the Middle East and North Africa.

The first domestic securitisation of consumer loans has been structured in Russia, in the absence of an asset-backed security law

After the Alibaba listing saga, many are querying whether HKEx should allow dual-class share structures