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Soonghee Lee Youngwoo Park The Korea Exchange (KRX) opened the marketplace for exchange traded notes (ETN) on November 17 2014. ETN are derivative combined securities that guarantee the same rate of return as that of the underlying index at maturity. They are simpler than equity-linked securities (ELS) in structure and tradable prior to maturity. Since they are derivative combined securities, ETN have the same legal characteristics as equity linked warrants (ELW) and ELS, but differ in structure from ELW and ELS because they are a product linked to the underlying index. Moreover, although ETN provide the return in a similar manner as exchange traded funds (ETF) since both are indexed to the underlying asset, ETN differ from ETF in that they provide a return based on the underlying index at maturity after subtracting the fund fees. Participants of the capital market anticipate that the ETN market, introduced in an effort to advance the Korean derivative products market, will satisfy ordinary investors' demand for a variety of new financial products in the existing low growth, low interest rate environment. Participants also believe that securities firms would be afforded an opportunity to increase their profitability and competitiveness from more varied product offerings. The backdrop for introduction of the ETN marketplace can be explained as follows. The number of investors who are seeking medium risk and rate of return, rather than traditional products such as stocks and bonds, increased in the rapidly aging society. In addition, there arose the need to develop new financial products (such as index linked structured products) so that ordinary investors could make investments in more varied product offerings. Commentators anticipate that there will be more investment opportunities for ordinary investors because the introduction of ETN allows direct investment with a smaller investment amount in various asset classes, while it was previously difficult for such investors to understand and compare the profit structures of derivative combined securities products. Moreover, if index-linked structured products that were previously traded outside the exchange begin to be traded on the exchange, then issues such as misselling, system risk, and low price transparency would be resolved. This would lead to better protection for investors, and ultimately, the creation of profitable products for securities firms. On the other hand, while various pensions and funds are important institutional investors that make the market and provide liquidity as liquidity providers, it has been reported that pensions and funds would not participate in the ETN market in the early stage of the launch because of internal fund management regulations, tax issues, and lack of perceived attractiveness of the market. Therefore, appropriate measures need to be provided to deal with such issues.

Ignacio Buil Aldana José Luis Lucena Spanish debt is in the spotlight, and it will continue to be for a while – no market player questions this. However, one preoccupation remains: can equity be crammed-down under Spanish insolvency law? Unfortunately, the answer for the moment is no. Existing regulations do not provide lenders with tools to forcefully cram down the equity in those cases where the latter has no interest. In fact, Spanish debt-for-equity swaps need the consent of shareholders at all times.

Supasit Boonsanong Prisna Sungwanna There are at least 17 laws and policies in Thailand which prescribe ceilings on foreign ownership in various businesses. Two of broad importance are the Land Code regarding the ownership of land (ceiling of 49%), and the Foreign Business Operation Act (FBOA) regarding the ownership of 43 categories of businesses (ceiling less than 50%). There are exceptions under certain free trade agreements (US, Japan and Australia), the Investment Promotion Act, and discretionary business licences issued by the Department of Business Development under the FBOA.

The Capital Markets Law 6362 (CML) was adopted on December 30 2013. Since then, the Capital Markets Board of Turkey (CMB) has been revising and updating the relevant secondary legislation in line with the CML, and the demands, practices and necessities in the capital markets. Within this framework, the CMB has issued and changed major communiques governing capital markets activities, one of which is the enactment of Communiqué III/37.1 on the Principles of Investment Services and Ancillary Services (Communique). The Communique clarifies rules and principles applicable to different types of investment services that can be conducted by licensed intermediary institutions and, contrary to previous legislation, it regulates over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives transactions as licensed activities. Having said that, an exception is provided for activities of foreign financial institutions which are conducted on a reverse enquiry basis.

Till Spillmann Luca Jagmetti The Swiss Federal Supreme Court has recently ruled that up-stream and cross-stream loans must be entered into at arm's length terms. If not at arm's length, the decision seems to suggest that the loans constitute de facto distributions and may only be granted for an amount that does not exceed the lender's freely distributable reserves. The court also imposed stringent requirements on satisfying the arm's length test. In addition, the court held that an up-stream or cross-stream loan not entered into at market terms reduces the lender's ability to pay future dividends by the amount corresponding to the loan. Further, the court raised the question of whether Swiss companies are allowed to participate in zero balancing cash pools at all.

Daniel Bader Ruth Bloch-Riemer In a popular referendum on November 30 2014, Swiss voters decided by a clear majority of 59.2% on the retention of the lump-sum taxation regime on a federal, cantonal and communal level. A separate vote in the Canton of Geneva had the same result on the cantonal level in Geneva: a majority of 68.7% of the Geneva voters decided on the retention of the lump-sum taxation regime on the Geneva cantonal level. Besides the retention of the lump-sum taxation regime, Swiss voters also clearly decided against the so-called Ecopop referendum, which would have foreseen restrictive requirements for immigration to Switzerland.

The political crisis embroiling Russia and Ukraine has created new opportunities for foreign and local banks in the region. Mayer Brown's Mayank Gupta and Trevor Wood analyse the areas to watch

This instalment of Corporate Governance Quarterly asks whether shareholders are interested in anything more than the bottom line

The report seems to have endorsed bail-in-able capital in principle, but with some qualifications

Australia’s treasurer has released its long-awaited Financial System Inquiry Report. It could change the way banks in the country manage regulatory capital