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Nine years after it first stepped in to regulate the e-money sector in Indonesia, the central bank (Bank Indonesia) has responded to technological change by issuing a new regulation to supersede Bank Indonesia Regulation 11/12/BIR/2009 on electronic money (BIR 11/12). Besides making the necessary changes to encompass the latest developments in the e-money sector, the new regulation – Bank Indonesia Regulation 20/6/BIR/2018 (BIR 20/6) – also places restrictions on foreign ownership and introduces new minimum capitalisation requirements for all e-money issuers.

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a body of European legislation of considerable complexity, especially when it comes to its practical implementation. However, Slovakia still lacks models and guidelines from the Office for Personal Data Protection of the Slovak Republic that would make the implementation of the GDPR easier and resolve several open questions. When Slovak law was revised before the implementation of the GDPR, it was hoped that the GDPR would bring about a reduction in obligations and a simplification of mandatory documentation, especially for smaller firms. It now appears from developments in the guidelines of the Office for Personal Data Protection that this might not be the case.

The mechanism for valuation of state-owned shares in a listed company in its sale (sale of shares) has been recently overhauled by Decree 32/2018/ND-CP and the Circular 59/2018/TT-BTC which have come into effect since May 1 2018 and September 1 2018, respectively.

Within the framework of the lump-sum taxation (or forfait taxation) regime, Switzerland offers certain individuals the opportunity to be taxed based on their annual living expenses instead of their worldwide income and wealth. The regime is open to individuals relocating for the first time to Switzerland and to former residents returning to Switzerland after an absence of 10 years or more, where those individuals neither have Swiss citizenship nor exercise a professional activity in Switzerland. In the case of married couples, both spouses must meet the requirements. The lump-sum taxation regime has not only proven to be highly attractive for newly immigrating high-net-worth individuals (HNWI), but also for entrepreneurs and investors who, for example, have stepped down from their functions and professional activities before relocating to Switzerland.

In recent years, the number of corporate scandals occurring at listed Japanese companies has been increasing. These risk not only damaging the company itself but potentially might also result in a loss of credibility of the capital market as a whole. With that in mind, it has become increasingly necessary for listed companies to implement continuous measures to prevent such scandals from occurring.

Within the framework of its overall goal of diversifying the local economy, the Macau SAR (MSAR) government aims to revitalise the financial leasing system. It has submitted a draft bill to the Legislative Council (LegCo) on a new regime for financial leasing companies, which will replace the existing Decree-Law 51/93/M of September 20.

Republic Act 11057 or the Personal Property Security Act (PPSA) was signed into law on August 17 2018. It provides for new means and requirements for creating, perfecting, and registering security over personal property in the Philippines. The PPSA amended or repealed certain laws that are inconsistent with the new law. This includes those laws relating to the creation of pledges and chattel mortgages and the registration procedures for security interests over personal property in the Philippines.

In Korea, in order to carry out multi-level marketing activities, a company must be registered as a 'multi-level marketer' as specified in the Act on Door-to-Door Sales (Act) and fulfil the necessary conditions contained in the Act. In this regard, if a company sells a cryptocurrency issued in an initial coin offering (ICO) to several buyers/investors at multiple levels, it could be regarded as a multi-level marketing organisation as defined in the Act.

When hedge funds become illiquid, what options are open to investors?

A review of the UK ombudsman’s activities has highlighted areas for improvement, but also for change