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Nine years after it first stepped in to regulate the e-money sector in Indonesia, the central bank (Bank Indonesia) has responded to technological change by issuing a new regulation to supersede Bank Indonesia Regulation 11/12/BIR/2009 on electronic money (BIR 11/12). Besides making the necessary changes to encompass the latest developments in the e-money sector, the new regulation – Bank Indonesia Regulation 20/6/BIR/2018 (BIR 20/6) – also places restrictions on foreign ownership and introduces new minimum capitalisation requirements for all e-money issuers.

The Irish Court of Appeal recently handed down an important decision which will impact default interest provisions in Irish law loan agreements. In Sheehan v Breccia/Flynn and Benray v Breccia, the court considered whether a provision for default interest in a bank's standard terms and conditions should be struck down as a penalty. This is a highly technical question, but one which is important for banks and borrowers, and for other market operators.

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a body of European legislation of considerable complexity, especially when it comes to its practical implementation. However, Slovakia still lacks models and guidelines from the Office for Personal Data Protection of the Slovak Republic that would make the implementation of the GDPR easier and resolve several open questions. When Slovak law was revised before the implementation of the GDPR, it was hoped that the GDPR would bring about a reduction in obligations and a simplification of mandatory documentation, especially for smaller firms. It now appears from developments in the guidelines of the Office for Personal Data Protection that this might not be the case.

In recent years, the number of corporate scandals occurring at listed Japanese companies has been increasing. These risk not only damaging the company itself but potentially might also result in a loss of credibility of the capital market as a whole. With that in mind, it has become increasingly necessary for listed companies to implement continuous measures to prevent such scandals from occurring.

Within the framework of its overall goal of diversifying the local economy, the Macau SAR (MSAR) government aims to revitalise the financial leasing system. It has submitted a draft bill to the Legislative Council (LegCo) on a new regime for financial leasing companies, which will replace the existing Decree-Law 51/93/M of September 20.

Republic Act 11057 or the Personal Property Security Act (PPSA) was signed into law on August 17 2018. It provides for new means and requirements for creating, perfecting, and registering security over personal property in the Philippines. The PPSA amended or repealed certain laws that are inconsistent with the new law. This includes those laws relating to the creation of pledges and chattel mortgages and the registration procedures for security interests over personal property in the Philippines.

In Korea, in order to carry out multi-level marketing activities, a company must be registered as a 'multi-level marketer' as specified in the Act on Door-to-Door Sales (Act) and fulfil the necessary conditions contained in the Act. In this regard, if a company sells a cryptocurrency issued in an initial coin offering (ICO) to several buyers/investors at multiple levels, it could be regarded as a multi-level marketing organisation as defined in the Act.

The mechanism for valuation of state-owned shares in a listed company in its sale (sale of shares) has been recently overhauled by Decree 32/2018/ND-CP and the Circular 59/2018/TT-BTC which have come into effect since May 1 2018 and September 1 2018, respectively.

Regulation and risk management expert Bozena Gulija examines how interest and resources have increased when it comes to this category of risk

Administrators from outside the EU are already withdrawing from the continent. Users should prepare for the worst: the loss of hundreds of critical reference points