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Changes to financial regulation in the UK bring into focus the challange of boundaries in the legal framework. By Andrew Marsh of Sidley & Austin, London

UK firm Freshfields and German firm Deringer Tessin Herrmann & Sedemund have formed an alliance which is expected to lead to a cross-border merger in around two year's time. The alliance was announced on January 26 1998 and the full merger is proposed for late 1999. The first phase of the alliance will begin in May, with the merger of the firms' operations in Germany. Freshfields' only office in Germany is Frankfurt. The Brussels and Moscow offices of each firm will also combine and operate as joint offices. These were the two cities outside Germany where Deringer had offices, in addition to its four German offices.

As predicted in the December 1997 issue of IFLRev, New York's Debevoise & Plimpton is opening an office in Moscow. For further information see the country survey.

The new Star trusts offer useful new opportunities for structuring financial transactions through the Cayman Islands. They will be particularly useful in complex loans or securitization deals. By Chris Narborough of Truman Bodden & Co, Cayman Islands

Recent delegation of powers from the CFTC to the NFA should lead to faster approval of non-US entities to engage in futures trades with US customers. By Michael S Sackheim of Brown & Wood LLP, New York

In the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis, the government can claim two major achievements in reforms to reduce public deficit:

Republic Act No. 8183, approved on June 11 1996, repealed Republic Act No. 529. The old act was entitled the Act to Assure the Uniform Value of Philippines Coin and Currency, or more simply, the Uniform Currency Law. The Uniform currency law, in effect since June 16 1950, declared as "against public policy, and null, void, and of no effect" any provision pertaining to any domestic obligation which "purports to give to the obligee the right to require payment in gold or in a particular kind of coin or currency other than Philippine currency or in an amount of money of the Philippines measured thereby".

The Act on real estate funds has been ratified to enter into force on March 1 1998. The Act provides a more secure and regulated means for the public to invest in real estate.

A rule of the Copenhagen Stock Exchange (CSE) required any shareholder who attained legal or de facto control over a listed company to offer to buy the other shareholders' shares on the same conditions that the controlling shareholder bought the shares to gain control of the company. The initial proposal for the Securities Trading Act (STA) also contained this rule, but when it was adopted by Parliament in 1995, the control necessary to trigger the requirement to make a purchase offer to other shareholders was limited to control obtained through a majority of votes in the company.

Argos, the UK catalogue retailer, is fighting a £1.6 billion (US$2.6 billion) hostile takeover bid from rival UK company Great Universal Stores (GUS). Disappointing Christmas sales led to a sharp drop inArgos's share value and to the takeover attempt from GUS. Argos, saying the move is "opportunistic", has appointed a new chief executive to fight the hostile bid.