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  • An unfavourable corporate law regime for hybrid capital in Spain has been dismantled, leading to the return to Spain of deals structured through the Cayman Islands. Ramon Girbau, Alejandro Miquel and Alex Pujol explain
  • London's market for growth stocks is attracting more international issuers, thanks to light regulation and low costs. Now US companies are taking notice. By Kenneth R Lamb, Judith L Shepherd, Justin K McAnaney and Oliver P s'Jacob
  • The Latvian Credit Institution Law of 1995 has been amended. It now outlines more specific disclosure regulations for Latvian banks concerning information on clients and those clients' transactions.
  • The global aviation industry has encountered considerable turbulence in recent years, but it appears that clear skies lie ahead. Ireland is widely known as a strong contender within the aviation financing and leasing sectors and recent developments (both domestic and international) serve to maintain and fortify that position.
  • Japan's 80-year-old Trust Law is expected to be significantly revised next year to provide a more modern and sophisticated trust system to facilitate the wider use of trusts. Last July, the Ministry of Justice published, for public comment, an outline summarising many of the provisions that are expected to be included in the new law.
  • Squeeze-out mechanics are of special importance for Hungarian public companies. However, the definition of a squeeze-out set out in Act CXX of 2001 on Capital Markets (the CMA) poses difficulties in practice. In particular, certain aspects of a squeeze-out (for example, calculation of the applicable threshold) remain doubtful under Hungarian law. The implementation of EU Directive 2004/25/EC of April 21 2004 on Takeover Offers could bring changes to the current system in Hungary.
  • The real estate market in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is increasingly buoyant. Foreign investors are rapidly becoming aware that they can buy relatively inexpensive property directly or through the use of a BiH company. At present, the price per square metre of an apartment in the capital city of Sarajevo is between €500 and €900 ($600-1,080), depending on the age of the building and whether renovation is required. It is not just residential property which is in demand.
  • The legal basis for regulating competition in Albania is outlined mainly in Law 9121 of July 28 2003 (the Competition Law), which aims to protect free and effective competition. The law governs prohibited agreements, abuses of a dominant position and mergers. Separately, state aids will be regulated by Law 9374 of 21 April 2005, which takes effect on January 1 2006.
  • In the financial sector the European Commission has been relatively quiet in 2005, perhaps taking a breather after the legislative frenzy that characterized the past four years. Now the Commission is ready for action once more and looks set to tackle shareholder discrimination. But any proposals will face fierce resistance.
  • Daniel Andrews reports on problems with the EU's plans to have a sole regulator responsible for each bank operating in the EU