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  • Rating agencies are downgrading hybrids due to the removal of systemic and regional support from their process. And although banks are recovering, upgrades are unlikely
  • The corporate departments that weathered this downturn well, from the IFLR1000
  • Lloyds's exchange offer was popular with both investors and regulators. But any future deals will have to deal with several areas of legal uncertainty
  • The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act of 2009 (the Bill) was introduced in the US Congress at the end of October. If enacted in its current form, the Bill would effectively end the practice whereby US issuers sell so-called bearer bonds to foreign investors.
  • While the bewildering effects of the world economic crisis are still lingering, investors – aware that the fog is dissipating – are gearing up to hunt big game again. For those watching Turkey closely, the Turkish privatisation authority's programme for 2010 seems a call to arms.
  • Following the financial markets' comeback, Swedish banks are starting to regain that which was lost in the near-perfect storm that struck following the Lehman Brothers collapse. Swedish banks SEB and Swedbank have both recently announced their respective debt buy-back programmes, aiming to strengthen the banks' important core capital bases (Tier 1 and Tier 2).
  • Last April 30, several measures on the energy sector were adopted under Royal Decree 6/2009. One of the main objectives is to achieve tariff sufficiency, to solve some of the financial difficulties of electricity companies. Current and future tariff deficits have to be financed, and the mechanism chosen has been the securitisation of the collection rights in favour of a Spanish asset securitisation fund.
  • Beginning this summer, Portuguese limited liability companies are able to merge on a cross-border basis in which all assets and liabilities of the merged entity (including employees) are automatically transferred to the surviving entity and the merged entity ceases to exist without a liquidation process. This became possible with the enactment of Law 19/2009, which implemented the cross-border merger directive (Directive 2005/56/EC).
  • On September 1 2009, the Consumer Affairs Agency (CAA) was established as a new government agency. The CAA's main mission is to protect and enhance consumer rights and to aid them in exercising those rights.
  • The latest amendments to the Hungarian Act LVII of 1996 on the prohibition of unfair trading practice and unfair competition (the Competition Act), which enter into force as of June 1 2009, aim at implementing recent international developments in antitrust regulation and enforcement to Hungarian law in three key areas.