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Dr Wolfgang Grobecker Dr Eva Nase Although embedded in a European Legal Framework, a European Company (Societas Europaea or SE), which is registered in Germany more or less resembles a German Aktiengesellschaft (AG). The administration and management, the corporate governance and the rights of shareholders of a German SE are primarily governed by its articles of association and by national statutory laws: in Germany by the laws applicable to an AG, in particular the German Stock Corporation Act (Aktiengesetz), unless the EU regulation or the national implementation laws provide otherwise. In practice, German statutory laws have more of an influence on the governance of an SE than the European legal framework. An SE can be incorporated in Germany in five ways: (i) by way of a merger of two stock corporations; (ii) by incorporating a joint holding or (iii) a joint subsidiary SE; (iv) by a transformation of a German AG into an SE; and (v) by incorporating a subsidiary SE by another SE.

Nicole Ong Gerald Cheong From August 10 2012, companies intending to list on the Mainboard of the Singapore Exchange (SGX) must meet stricter entry requirements. An issuer must have: a minimum consolidated pre-tax profit of at least S$30 million ($24 million) for the latest financial year with an operating track record of at least three years; a market capitalisation of not less than S$150 million based on the issue price and post-invitation issued share capital if it has been profitable in the last financial year with an operating track record of at least three years; or a market capitalisation of not less than $300 million based on the issue price and post-invitation issued share capital with a generated operating revenue in the latest completed financial year. In addition, the minimum issue price will be raised from S$0.20 to S$0.50 per share.

Project bonds carry huge potential. But sponsor concerns must be eased – or debunked – for the instrument to reach its full potential

Sharia finance and real estate are a perfect match. And they work together beyond the traditional Islamic finance markets

The bankruptcy of Mexico’s Vitro tested US international insolvency laws, and serves as a warning to both creditors and debtors

As Europe approaches its debt maturity wall, amend-and-extend requests are piling up. As a solution, it’s easier said than done

Turkey’s new Commercial Code brings the country’s trade and corporate rules into line with EU standards. Here are the key reforms

Pre-merger notification has arrived in Brazil. Here’s a practical guide to obtaining competition clearance under the new rules

An FCPA or Bribery Act allegation is troubling enough, but the larger threat could be collateral lawsuits

Multinational enterprises may conduct internal compliance investigations for various reasons, such as as part of efforts in regulating sales practices or for compliance with anti-bribery requirements. In addition to interviewing employees, the enterprise will usually review information about employees saved in the enterprise's computers, its servers or other documentation and therefore may gain access to the personal information of employees or third parties. Especially for comprehensive internal investigations launched based on legal requirements (for example, the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act), an enterprise will gain access to substantial information relating to employees and third parties and will need to pay attention to the use of personal data.