Bite-sized deals are needed to kickstart Vietnamese PPPs While public-private partnerships (PPPs) have been popular throughout Southeast Asia, they haven't taken off in Vietnam – despite the country's desperate need for infrastructure. Vietnam's preferred structure for project financings to-date has been the build-operate-transfer (BOT) model, which has been encouraged by local ministries such as the Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT). Though the BOT framework has existed for over 10 years, few projects have reached the financing stage. Mong Duong II closed in 2011, representing the first BOT to close in Vietnam since 2004.